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Evolution Korea South Korea's democratic system is prone to populist tendencies. However, it's healthier than one would expect. The country is in search of an innovative development paradigm. A Confucian culture that emphasizes respect for ancestors as well as gendered family relations continues influence the society. There are indications of a secularist cultural trend that is emerging. Origins In the prehistoric era the ancestors of the today's Koreans were able to survive by hunting and gathering wild food. Then around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate crops including millet and beans. They also raised livestock, and made furs. These people formed tribal states in succession in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also established an industry for metalworking, which produced bronze tools, and later iron tools. They traded with other states and introduced Celadon papermaking, block printing art styles, as well as written language to Japan. In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was founded in the southern part of the peninsula. The state embraced Chinese culture, including Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. In this time, the inhabitants of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon had a hierarchical structure that included a monarch as well as senior officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy, while the rest of the population were peasants. The state imposed taxes on these citizens and sometimes required them to fight in the army or participate in government projects such as building fortifications. Onjo the prince of Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo established the state of Baekje at the close of the period. This new kingdom expanded into the southwest part of the peninsula, and fought against the Goguryeo commanderies and China's in the region. Baekje incorporated aspects of Confucian thought into its state beliefs and made the male-centric filiopiety concept as a law in 1390 CE. Under the cover of filiopiety fathers were responsible to their families. They had to be obeyed by everyone and respected even by their grandchildren and children. Goryeo, who would rule from 918 to 1392 CE established the Hangul alphabet built on the patterns created by the mouth during pronunciation. This greatly improved communication between people, and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. In addition, movable metal type printing was introduced, and woodblock printing was improved. It was at this time that the Samguk sagi or 'History of the Three Kingdoms' was first recorded in 1145 CE. The evolution of Korea The Korean peninsula was inhabited from Neolithic times onwards. Early evidence of human settlements can be found in the form of cist graves paved with stones, and adorned with precious items such as amazonite jewelry buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens and constructed of single large stones, are prevalent throughout the country. In the first part of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognized political state. The peninsula was later ruled by a number of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) which included Baekje and Goguryeo. Moreover, the northern region of the peninsula was occupied by the Balhae kingdom, which many historians don't consider to be a legitimate Korean state. Following the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, or Several States Period. Of them, Baekje was the most powerful however, its dynasty ended when Goguryeo was defeated in 676 CE and left it with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region around Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy thrived for some time. The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to work together to expand their territories. In the final phase, Silla, with significant Chinese aid, conquered the other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE. As Korea enters the post-crisis era, its development paradigm appears to be changing. Those who are horrified by the enormous costs of the old systems support a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital, labor and markets for products. On the other hand, supporters of the old system try to keep it alive through nationalist sentiments, as well as by stoking fears of job loss. The academic and policy analysts remain sharply divided on the extent to these two developments are driving Koreas evolution towards a new model of economic governance. This article examines developments to date, by looking at five phases of Korea's political development: illiberal democracy (1945-60), democratic authoritarianism (1961-72), authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87) democratic paternalism (1987-2001) and participatory democracy (2002 to present). This article also identifies important factors that appear to be shaping these processes. Creationism in Korea In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have had success in promoting their beliefs to this population. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that nearly a third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of the respondents, 41% stated that there was not enough scientific evidence to support evolution 39% of respondents said that the theory was in contradiction to their religious beliefs; and 17% said it was difficult to grasp. This level of disbelief approaches that of the United States, where a similar number of people do not believe that humans evolved from earlier species of life. In the past, the majority of the anti-evolution movement in Korea was focused on teaching college students and in bringing them to Christ. A significant rise in interest in creation science came in 1980, with a four-day seminar held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul that featured Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the main speakers. The event was attended by a large number of professors, church leaders and scientists. The success of this event resulted in the establishment of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31st, 1981. The event was extensively covered in the national media, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times. KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter called CREATION, in which it covered its activities and published articles on the scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated several films and slides from ICR and a few books on creationism that were already in print outside of Korea. KACR members also gave talks at universities and churches throughout the country. One example of one KACR success story was at the KAIST university in Seoul. There, enough students were interested in creationism that they raised the funds and support needed to build an on-campus museum showing creationist models of fossils and other exhibits. In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine, CREATION. The magazine covers a variety of topics that pertain to the science of creation. It also hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also established local branches that conduct seminars and give talks to children in schools and other community groups. Changes in South Korea In the latter half of the nineteenth century and the early 20th century, Korea began to adopt an increasingly Westernized lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced by miniskirts and other fashion elements from abroad. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by jazz and rock & roll. In this time the famous samulnori, also known as dance-dramas with masks were extremely popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drummers and other instruments of music. The economic crisis has shaped Korea's new paradigm of development. The main challenge for the new regime lies in the proper balance between state-led economic policies and market-oriented ones. It also requires a change in the incentives, monitoring, and disciplining schemes that have created the system prior to the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 & 4. Founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by the people who lived along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas, and people from northern China. Baekje, an important regional power in the early 4th century, expanded its territory to Mahan in north and Jeollanam-do south. This meant that it was constantly in conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders at the border. The fall of Silla in the 8th and early 9th centuries saw strong local factions to emerge. Gungye was a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital and was in control of a portion of present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju. you can try this out became an adversary to Goguryeo. His rule was however short-lived. After Gungye was defeated by a powerful local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later, Baekje was peacefully incorporated into Goryeo as an alternative state. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened the centrally-run system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. The Korean peninsula was then ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla slowly grew into powerful states on the peninsula as well as in Manchuria.